หมึก
"อาหารคุณภาพสำหรับมนุษย์"
บทคัดย่อ
หมึกมีคุณค่าทางอาหารที่มีคุณภาพสำหรับมนุษย์ ผลการศึกษาคุณค่าทางอาหารของหมึกจำนวน 10 ชนิด ที่พบในบริเวณน่านน้ำทะเลไทย เช่น หมึกกล้วย หมึกกระดอง จากการวิเคราะห์หาปริมาณโปรตีน, ไขมัน, เถ้า, ใยเส้นเอ็น และองค์ประกอบกรดไขมัน จากส่วนของเนื้อหมึกทั้งตัว ส่วนหัวและหนวด, ตับ และรังไข่ โดยนำตัวอย่างมาบดละเอียด และเก็บแช่แข็งไว้จนกว่าจะนำมาทำการวิเคราะห์คุณค่าทางอาหาร ผลการวิเคราะห์พบว่า หมึกทุกชนิดมีปริมาณโปรตีนใกล้เคียงกันคือ มีค่าอยู่ระหว่าง 13 - 20 % (คิดจากน้ำหนักเปียก) หรือเมื่อคิดจากน้ำหนักแห้ง พบว่ามีโปรตีน 75 - 87 %, มีไขมัน 2.22 - 8.45 %, เถ้า 4.48 - 9.88 % และมีไฟเบอร์ 1.24 - 5.90 % สำหรับองค์ประกอบกรดไขมันของหมึก พบว่ามี n-3 HUFA ( n-3 Highly Unsaturated fatty Acids ) ในปริมาณที่มากกว่า 30 % ของกรดไขมันที่พบ จากผลการวิเคราะห์แสดงให้เห็นว่าหมึกมีคุณค่าทางอาหารสูงทั้งปริมาณโปรตีน และองค์ประกอบกรดไขมันที่ดี คือมี n-3 HUFA สูง เหมาะสมต่อการใช้เป็นอาหารของมนุษย์
ABSTRACT
The whole body, mantle, part of head and arm, liver and gonad from 10 species of cephalopods caught in Thai waters were studied on nutrition value. All samples were minced and freeze dried prior to analysis. Protein, fat, ash, fiber and fatty acid profiles were examined. Analysis results showed that the protein content of all cephalopod species is very similar, varying between 13 - 20% on wet basis or 75 - 87% on dry basis. While the content of fat, ash and fiber were ranged between 2.22 -8.48%, 4.48 -9.86% and 1.24 - 5.90% on dry basis, respectively. Fatty acid profiles of all cephalopod species showed the high content of n-3 HUFA, at the level above 30% of total fatty acids.
Table 1. Nutrition value (%) of squids meat (mantle), n=2
|
Cephalopod
|
Moisture
content
|
|
Wet
basis (%)
|
|
|
Dry
basis (%)
|
|
|
Protein
|
Fat
|
Fiber
|
Ash
|
Protein
|
Fat
|
||
| Sepioteuthis lessoniana |
78.12
|
18.23
|
1.35
|
0.43
|
1.37
|
83.33
|
6.16
|
| Sepiella inermis |
75.32
|
16.16
|
0.63
|
0.39
|
1.11
|
82.99
|
3.22
|
| Sepia brevimana |
81.11
|
15.60
|
0.76
|
0.55
|
1.08
|
82.58
|
4.01
|
| S. recurvirosta |
79.89
|
17.15
|
0.81
|
0.28
|
1.28
|
85.28
|
4.02
|
| S. pharaonis |
77.13
|
20.0
|
0.55
|
0.47
|
1.45
|
87.46
|
2.40
|
| Sepia aculeata |
78.10
|
18.81
|
0.84
|
0.37
|
1.36
|
85.89
|
3.82
|
| Loligo chinensis |
76.89
|
19.69
|
0.76
|
0.40
|
1.50
|
85.19
|
3.29
|
| L. duvauceli |
75.96
|
20.21
|
0.69
|
0.36
|
1.44
|
84.08
|
2.87
|
| Octopus "membranaceous" |
80.12
|
15.12
|
0.62
|
0.41
|
1.51
|
76.07
|
3.14
|
| Octopus spp. |
79.37
|
17.19
|
0.62
|
0.35
|
1.51
|
83.34
|
3.052
|
| Euphrymna spp. |
82.34
|
13.19
|
1.28
|
0.47
|
1.93
|
74.68
|
7.26
|
Table 2. Fatty acid profiles of body meat, whole body and head of "Sepioteuthis lessoniana" (% of total fatty acid)
|
Fatty
acid
|
mantle/meat
|
Whole
body
|
Head
|
| 16:0 |
26.53
|
25.31
|
26.46
|
| 18:1n-9 |
12.01
|
12.60
|
14.45
|
| 20:2n-6 |
2.05
|
2.36
|
2.23
|
| 20:4n-6 |
8.31
|
7.92
|
7.61
|
| 20:5n-3 |
7.70
|
7.98
|
7.99
|
| 22:5n-3 |
2.97
|
3.80
|
2.33
|
| 22:6n-3 |
22.53
|
21.26
|
29.01
|
| Total n-3 |
33.42
|
33.04
|
39.51
|
| n-3 HUFA |
33.20
|
33.04
|
39.33
|
| Total n-6 |
10.36
|
10.28
|
9.84
|
| n-3/n-6 |
3.23
|
3.21
|
4.02
|
| Protein |
83.33
|
80.77
|
78.34
|
| Fat |
6.16
|
6.95
|
9.38
|
Table 3. Fatty acid profiles in organs of (% of total fatty acid) "Sepia brevimana"
|
Fatty
acid
|
mantle/meat
|
Whole
body
|
Head
|
Gonad
|
Liver
|
| 16:0 |
21.00
|
24.91
|
19.80
|
25.39
|
21.05
|
| 18:1n-9 |
13.90
|
17.54
|
15.60
|
16.44
|
21.18
|
| 20:2n-6 |
1.61
|
2.05
|
2.78
|
2.31
|
2.94
|
| 20:4n-6 |
9.27
|
9.11
|
9.48
|
11.53
|
10.31
|
| 20:5n-3 |
7.92
|
8.03
|
8.34
|
8.39
|
11.8
|
| 22:5n-3 |
6.4
|
2.63
|
4.05
|
2.28
|
2.16
|
| 22:6n-3 |
22.97
|
21.57
|
25.82
|
21.68
|
10.58
|
| Total n-3 |
37.70
|
32.51
|
38.49
|
32.78
|
25.2
|
| n-3 HUFA |
37.29
|
32.23
|
38.21
|
32.35
|
24.54
|
| Total n-6 |
10.88
|
11.16
|
12.26
|
14.11
|
13.76
|
| n-3/n-6 |
3.47
|
2.91
|
3.14
|
2.32
|
1.83
|
| Protein |
82.58
|
-
|
81.3
|
-
|
-
|
| Fat |
4.01
|
5.16
|
4.17
|
2.41*
|
5.19*
|
**= % in wet basis
Table 4. Fatty acid profiles (% of total fatty acid) in organs of "S. recurvirosta"
|
Fatty
acid
|
mantle/meat
|
Whole
body
|
Head
|
Gonad
|
Liver
|
| 16:0 |
19.60
|
23.15
|
19.17
|
19.12
|
22.28
|
| 18:1n-9 |
13.71
|
16.92
|
14.10
|
21.12
|
16.32
|
| 20:2n-6 |
2.17
|
2.4
|
2.74
|
2.24 |
3.24
|
| 20:4n-6 |
14.95
|
12.22
|
11.37
|
12.81
|
12.39
|
| 20:5n-3 |
7.9
|
6.84
|
7.54
|
7.17
|
8.48
|
| 22:5n-3 |
3.66
|
3.23
|
6.79
|
2.67
|
3.42
|
| 22:6n-3 |
23.95
|
21.75
|
17.54
|
13.70
|
16.68
|
| Total n-3 |
36.13
|
32.19
|
32.21
|
23.99
|
28.92
|
| n-3 HUFA |
35.51
|
31.87
|
31.87
|
23.54
|
28.58
|
| Total n-6 |
17.12
|
14.62
|
14.11
|
15.49
|
15.9
|
| n-3/n-6 |
2.11
|
2.20
|
2.28
|
1.55
|
1.82
|
| Protein |
85.28
|
81.13
|
81.55
|
-
|
-
|
| Fat |
4.02
|
5.15
|
3.78
|
5.36*
|
6.94*
|
Table 5. Fatty acid profiles (% of total fatty acid) organs of "S. pharaonis"
|
Fatty
acid
|
mantle/meat
|
Whole
body
|
Head
|
Gonad
|
Liver
|
| 16:0 |
21.24
|
25.35
|
19.37
|
26.65
|
22.99
|
| 18:1n-9 |
14.40
|
19.89
|
13.93
|
14.87
|
17.88
|
| 20:2n-6 |
2.22
|
2.9
|
2.91
|
2.64
|
2.51
|
| 20:4n-6 |
11.52
|
9.25
|
8.78
|
12.58
|
9.81
|
| 20:5n-3 |
7.27
|
7.59
|
5.89
|
5.4
|
5.89
|
| 22:5n-3 |
5.23
|
2.79 |
4.57
|
2.98
|
3.07
|
| 22:6n-3 |
26.67
|
21.19
|
28.92
|
25.68
|
21.14
|
| Total n-3 |
39.17
|
31.57
|
39.38
|
34.40
|
31.11
|
| n-3 HUFA |
39.17
|
31.57
|
39.38
|
34.0
|
30.1
|
| Total n-6 |
13.74
|
12.38
|
11.69
|
15.22
|
12.69
|
| n-3/n-6 |
2.85
|
2.55
|
3.37
|
2.26
|
2.45
|
| Protein |
87.46
|
79.34
|
84.49
|
-
|
-
|
| Fat |
2.40
|
4.81
|
3.44
|
3.36*
|
6.43*
|
* = % in wet basis
Table 6. Fatty acid profiles (% of total fatty acids) in organs "Sepiella inermis"
|
Fatty
acid
|
mantle/meat
|
Whole
body
|
Head
|
Gonad
|
Liver
|
| 16:0 |
20.83
|
21.5
|
18.51
|
23.71
|
12.64
|
| 18:1n-9 |
14.61
|
14.65
|
14.31
|
18.33
|
25.59
|
| 20:2n-6 |
3.18
|
2.8
|
6.86
|
2.32
|
2.80
|
| 20:4n-6 |
10.17
|
7.84
|
9.21
|
7.63
|
7.88
|
| 20:5n-3 |
11.37
|
10.16
|
14.05
|
12.81
|
11.53
|
| 22:5n-3 |
3.05
|
3.09
|
2.32
|
2.67
|
2.12
|
| 22:6n-3 |
22.32
|
19.34 |
19.35
|
19.35
|
10.23
|
| Total n-3 |
37
|
32.85
|
36.08
|
35.41
|
25.72
|
| n-3 HUFA |
36.74
|
32.59
|
35.71
|
34.83
|
23.88
|
| Total n-6 |
13.35
|
10.64
|
16.07
|
9.95
|
12.98
|
| n-3/n-6 |
2.77
|
3.09
|
2.25
|
3.56
|
1.98
|
| Protein |
82.99
|
76.3
|
82.83
|
-
|
-
|
| Fat |
3.22
|
3.47
|
3.36
|
3.74*
|
5.38*
|
* = % in wet basis
Table 7. Fatty acid profiles (% of total fatty acid) in organs of "Sepia aculeata"
|
Fatty
acid
|
mantle/meat
|
Whole
body
|
Head
|
Gonad
|
Liver
|
| 16:0 |
21.57
|
20.20
|
19.20
|
23.98
|
17.70
|
| 18:1n-9 |
14.17
|
16.15
|
14.85
|
14.13
|
26.21
|
| 20:2n-6 |
2.15
|
2.39
|
3.24
|
2.60
|
1.94
|
| 20:4n-6 |
11.72
|
10.31
|
11.54
|
14.92
|
12.04
|
| 20:5n-3 |
7.79
|
3.19
|
7.96
|
8.05
|
7.13
|
| 22:5n-3 |
3.15
|
3.19
|
4.11
|
2.35
|
2.3
|
| 22:6n-3 |
26.25
|
25.92
|
28.17
|
22.31
|
13.27
|
| Total n-3 |
37.19
|
32.50
|
40.24
|
32.99
|
23.25
|
| n-3 HUFA |
37.19
|
32.3
|
40.24
|
32.71
|
22.7
|
| Total n-6 |
13.87
|
12.7
|
14.78 |
17.93
|
14.55
|
| n-3/n-6 |
2.68
|
2.56
|
2.72
|
1.84
|
1.60
|
| Protein |
85.89
|
83
|
84.01
|
-
|
-
|
| Fat |
3.82
|
3.83
|
4.73
|
2.98*
|
4.86*
|
*= % in wet basis
Table 8. Fatty acid profiles (% of total fatty acid) in organs of "L. chinensis"
|
Fatty
acid
|
mantle/meat
|
Whole
body
|
Head
|
Gonad
|
Liver
|
| 16:0 |
29.68
|
31.54
|
28.08
|
23.94
|
24.97
|
| 18:1n-9 |
11.84
|
12.58
|
13.26
|
16.24
|
19.76
|
| 20:2n-6 |
2.21
|
1.77
|
2.05
|
4.36
|
3.02
|
| 20:4n-6 |
9.64
|
6.51
|
6.24
|
10.95
|
9.34
|
| 20:5n-3 |
10.32
|
6.31
|
5.76
|
7.70
|
5.92
|
| 22:5n-3 |
2.2
|
2.54
|
2.6
|
2.61
|
2.71
|
| 22:6n-3 |
22.06
|
26.62
|
33.43
|
27.84
|
25.31
|
| Total n-3 |
34.58
|
35.47
|
41.79
|
38.52
|
34.37
|
| n-3 HUFA |
34.58
|
35.47
|
41.79
|
38.15
|
15.33
|
| Total n-6 |
11.85
|
8.28
|
8.29
|
15.31
|
12.69
|
| n-3/n-6 |
2.92
|
4.28
|
5.04
|
2.52
|
2.71
|
| Protein |
85.19
|
83.97
|
84.92
|
-
|
-
|
| Fat |
3.29
|
3.26
|
3.89
|
3.18*
|
5.10*
|
*= % in wet basis
Table 9. Fatty acid profiles (% of total fatty acid) in organs of "L. duvauceli"
|
Fatty
acid
|
mantle/meat
|
Whole
body
|
Head
|
Gonad
|
Liver
|
| 16:0 |
33.77
|
26.41
|
30.18
|
25.00
|
24.79
|
| 18:1n-9 |
12.75
|
14.92
|
12.73
|
15.87
|
18.32
|
| 20:2n-6 |
2.06
|
2.94
|
3.79
|
3.75
|
2.67
|
| 20:4n-6 |
6.63
|
7.46
|
7.04
|
7.34
|
8.53
|
| 20:5n-3 |
6.58
|
7.67
|
6.54
|
7.99
|
6.48
|
| 22:5n-3 |
2.24
|
2.76
|
2.27
|
1.99
|
2.74
|
| 22:6n-3 |
27.2
|
28.01
|
26.00
|
32.50
|
28.02
|
| Total n-3 |
36.02
|
38.44
|
34.81
|
42.80
|
37.62
|
| n-3 HUFA |
36.02
|
38.44
|
34.81
|
42.48
|
37.24
|
| Total n-6 |
8.69
|
10.4
|
10.83
|
11.09
|
11.20
|
| n-3/n-6 |
4.14
|
3.70
|
3.21
|
3.86
|
3.36
|
| Protein |
84.08
|
83.55
|
83.39
|
-
|
-
|
| Fat |
2.87
|
8.76
|
5.07
|
2.58*
|
2.88*
|
*= % in wet basis
Table 10. Fatty acid profiles (% of total fatty acid) of whole body, gonad and liver of "Octopus membranaceous"
|
Fatty
acid
|
Whole
body
|
Gonad
|
Liver
|
| 16:0 |
21.97
|
25.60
|
19.96
|
| 18:1n-9 |
22.25
|
20.44
|
21.25
|
| 20:2n-6 |
2.24
|
3.39
|
4.13
|
| 20:4n-6 |
11.39
|
11.47
|
10.95
|
| 20:5n-3 |
7.24
|
9.42
|
9.08
|
| 22:5n-3 |
3.82
|
2.16
|
2.65
|
| 22:6n-3 |
18.67
|
15.59
|
13.41
|
| Total n-3 |
30.36
|
27.61
|
26.96
|
| n-3 HUFA |
29.73
|
27.17
|
25.14
|
| Total n-6 |
14.09
|
14.86
|
17.11
|
| n-3/n-6 |
2.15
|
1.86
|
1.56
|
| Protein |
76.07
|
-
|
-
|
| Fat |
3.14
|
3.84*
|
5.46*
|
*= % in wet basis
Table 11. Fatty acid profiles (% of total fatty acid) of whole body, gonad and liver of Octopus spp.
|
Fatty
acid
|
Whole
body
|
Gonad
|
Liver
|
| 16:0 |
18.11
|
16.07
|
25.64
|
| 18:1n-9 |
21.64
|
23.40
|
19.85
|
| 20:2n-6 |
2.46
|
4.45
|
3.92
|
| 20:4n-6 |
14.13
|
9.77
|
10.61
|
| 20:5n-3 |
8.24
|
11.21
|
8.74
|
| 22:5n-3 |
3.88
|
1.96
|
2.31
|
| 22:6n-3 |
20.62
|
9.62
|
15.12
|
| Total n-3 |
33.00
|
24.78
|
26.67
|
| n-3 HUFA |
32.74
|
22.79
|
26.17
|
| Total n-6 |
16.59
|
16.51
|
14.53
|
| n-3/n-6 |
1.99
|
1.50
|
1.84
|
| Protein |
83.34
|
-
|
-
|
| Fat |
3.02
|
6.08*
|
7.18*
|
*= % in wet basis
Table 12. Fatty acid profiles (% of total fatty acid) of whole body of "Euprymna spp."
|
Fatty
acid
|
Whole
body
|
| 16:0 |
22.04
|
| 18:1n-9 |
20.69
|
| 20:2n-6 |
3.31
|
| 20:4n-6 |
10.14
|
| 20:5n-3 |
8.64
|
| 22:5n-3 |
2.43
|
| 22:6n-3 |
18.32
|
| Total n-3 |
29.63
|
| n-3 HUFA |
29.39
|
| Total n-6 |
13.45
|
| n-3/n-6 |
2.20
|
| Protein |
74.68
|
| Fat |
7.26
|